Introduction of Polish as the official language Ban on the use of Lithuanian Mutual cultural influence Construction of new cities Introduction of a new calendar

Introduction of a new calendar Ban on the use of Lithuanian Introduction of Polish as the official language Construction of new cities Mutual cultural influence

Loss of lands to the Teutonic Order Expansion to the east Unification of Polish and Lithuanian lands Territorial division between Poland and Lithuania Colonization of new lands

Colonization of new lands Loss of lands to the Teutonic Order Expansion to the east Territorial division between Poland and Lithuania Creation of one of the largest states in Europe

Northern Crusade Reformation Union of Brest Introduction of Christianity in Lithuania Eastern Schism

Habsburgs Teutonic Order Swedes Tatars Ottomans

Industrialization Introduction of a new currency Agrarian reform Export of raw materials Increase in trade importance

Sigismund Casimir Władysław Alexander John

1390 1382 1384 1386 1388

End of wars with neighbors Reduction in the number of troops Increase in military strength Introduction of new war technologies Construction of new fortresses