Introduction of new war technologies Construction of new fortresses Reduction in the number of troops Increase in military strength End of wars with neighbors

Expansion to the east Loss of lands to the Teutonic Order Territorial division between Poland and Lithuania Unification of Polish and Lithuanian lands Colonization of new lands

Introduction of new war technologies End of wars with neighbors Construction of new fortresses Increase in military strength Reduction in the number of troops

Jagiellon Vasa Habsburg Piast Anjou

Mutual cultural influence Introduction of Polish as the official language Ban on the use of Lithuanian Introduction of a new calendar Construction of new cities

Sigismund of Luxembourg Louis I of Hungary John Albert Władysław the Elbow-high Casimir the Great

Introduction of absolute monarchy Increase in Poland's international importance Territorial division End of civil wars Religious unification

Władysław Jagiełło Kęstutis Mindaugas Vytautas Algirdas

Loss of lands to the Teutonic Order Territorial division between Poland and Lithuania Expansion to the east Colonization of new lands Creation of one of the largest states in Europe

Industrialization Agrarian reform Increase in trade importance Introduction of a new currency Export of raw materials